1 Roma 17 gennaio 2014 1 Urban governance in the postfordist era Ezio Marra 17 gennaio 2014 Sharon Zukin: The culture of cities (1995). Cities are often criticized because they represent the basest instincts of human society. They are built versions of Leviatan and Mammon, mapping the power of the bureaucratic machine or the social pressure of money. We who live in cities like to think of “culture” as the antidote to this crass vision. With the disappearance of local manufacturing industries and periodic crises in government and finance, culture is more and more the business of cities – the basis of their tourist attractions and their unique, competitive edge. Roma 17 gennaio 2014 2. 2 Roma 17 gennaio 2014 3 Symbolic economy of Manhattan (Zukin) Terry N.
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Clark: The City as an Entertainment Machine (2004) 1. Models used to explain the growth of cities during industrial, “Fordist” capitalism are outmoded.
Loss of heavy industry impacts the dynamics of urban growth, increasing the relative importance of the city as site for “production” which is distinctly symbolic/expressive. Even in a former industrial power like Chicago, the number one industry has become entertainment, which city officials define as including tourism, conventions, restaurants, hotels. Workers in the elite sectors of the postindustrial city make “quality of life” demands, and in their 5. Consumption practices can experience their own urban location AS IF TOURISTS, emphasizing aesthetic concerns. Roma 17 gennaio 2014 4.From Pilgrim to Tourist – or a Short History of Identity PESSIMISTIC VIEW Old Pilgrim 1. The figure of the pilgrim was not a modern invention 2.
'We are pilgrims through time’ was (see St. Augustine) not an exhortation, but a statement of fact. Only few would wish, and have the ability, to compose that overture themselves, in tune with the music of eavenly spheres.
The desert of the Christian hermit was set at a distance from the hurIy-burIy of family life, away from the town and the village, from the mundane, from the polis. Roma 17 gennaio 2014 5 Z.Modern Pilgrim 1.
The Protestants, as Weber told us, became inner-worldly pilgrims. They invented the way of embarking on pilgrimage without leaving home and of leaving home without becoming homeless. In the new post-Reformation city of modernity, the desert began on the other side of the door.
'Impersonality, coldness and emptiness are essential words in the Protestant language of environment; 5. The foremost strategy of life as pilgrimage, of life as identity-building, was 'saving for the future'6. What is seen today as capital will be seen the same way tomorrow and the day after tomorrow. The world of pilgrims - of identity builders- must be orderly, determined, predictable, ensured; Roma 17 gennaio 2014 6. – The world inhospitable to pilgrims 1. The world is not hospitable to the pilgrims any more.
The pilgrims lost their battle by winning it. The world constructed of durable objects has been replaced 'with disposable products designed for immediate obsolescence'. In such a worId, 'identities can be adopted and discarded like a change of costume'. In the life-game the rules (postmodern consumers) of the game keep changing in the course of playing. 'Determination to live one day at a time', 'depicting daily life as a succession of minor emergencies’ (Lasch) become the guiding principles of all rational conduct.
Roma 17 gennaio 2014 7 Bauman 4. The pilgrim's successors The most fitting metaphors for the postmodern life strategy are: 1. The stroller (flaneur), 2. The vagabond, 3. The tourist and 4.
The player They offer jointly the metaphor for the postmodern strategy moved by the horror of being bound and fixed. Roma 17 gennaio 2014 8. – The tourist 1. The tourist is a conscious and systematic seeker of experience, of a new and different experience, of the experience of difference and novelty 2.
In the tourist's world, the strange is tame, domesticated, and no longer frightens; shocks come in a package deal with safety. The world seem infinitely gentle, obedient to the tourist's wishes made and remade with one purpose in mind: to excite, please and amuse. Having a home is a part of the safety package: when the present adventure is over, or if the voyage proves not as adventurous as expected. The tourist's favourite slogan is 'I need more space'. And the space is the last thing one would find at home. Roma 17 gennaio 2014 9 WTO TOURISM.
Definition of the World Tourist Organisation (WTO): Tourists are people who are 'travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business (?) and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited' Roma 17 gennaio 2014 10. 6 1) Dean MacCannell: Empty Meeting Grounds (1992) – REALISTIC VIEW 1. Tourism is a primary ground for the production of new cultural forms on a global base.
In the name of tourism modernized peoples have been deployed to the most remote regions of the world 3. Institutions have been established to support this deployment 4. Tourism is not just an aggregate of merely commercial activities; 5.
Tourism is also an ideological framing of history, nature, and tradition; a framing that has the power to reshape culture and nature to its own needs. Roma 17 gennaio 2014 11 2) Dean MacCannell: Empty Meeting Grounds (1992) 6. Tourism is not fully constitutive of the new cultural arrangements historically associated with it. During this period, paralleling the movements of tourists, there has been a rapid growth of a reverse movement of peoples from formerly remote regions of the world into the centers of wealth and power: 8. The departures of these peoples from their communities of origin, and their creative adaptations to their new lives, are changing the neighborhoods of Los Angeles, London, etc., and even small towns. Every major city in the West has been transformed into a living version of the fictional compression of cultures as represented at Disney World.
Roma 17 gennaio 2014 12. 7 NEW URBAN USERS. TWO TYPES.
In our view, this increased mobility of masses of tourists and migrants, much more than that of goods, is changing, thanks to their experience and stories, also the way of seeing the world. In other words, the centrality of the figure of migrants and tourists is witnessed by the sharp increase in these two populations which are moving from poor, remote countries towards the great metropolitan centres and vice versa. Roma 17 gennaio 2014 13 TOURISTS:NEW URBAN USERS 2. Some figures. According to the estimate by the UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization)7, in 2010 there were approximately 940 million tourists worldwide;. again for 2010, the estimate of the organisation in the United Nations which deals with the movement of migrants8 worldwide is around 214 million people who migrated to countries other than their country of origin.
The estimates refer to international arrivals and do not take account of tourists and migrants who are “internal” to the individual countries. Moreover: since 1990 and up to today tourist arrivals worldwide have more than doubled: 435 million in 1990 and, as already mentioned, 940 million in 2010.
According to estimates by the same sources, the Travel and Tourism (T&T) sector in 2010 represented 9.2% of global GDP. In Italy the T&T sector represents, on a rising basis, 10.9% of GDP ( Ibidem). Roma 17 gennaio 2014 14.
12 From fordism to cycling Roma 17 gennaio 2014 23 Roma 17 gennaio 2014 24 Preindustrial society for Daniel Bell (mainly agricolture). The condition of most of the world’s population is one of subsistence. Life is characterized as a game against nature. Working with muscle power and tradition, the labor force is engaged in agriculture, mining, and fishing. Life is conditioned by the elements, such as the weather, the quality of the soil, and the availability of water.
The rhythm of life is shaped by nature, and the pace of work varies with the seasons. 13 Industrial society for Daniel Bell (production of goods). The predominant activity is the production of goods.
The focus of attention is on making more with less. Energy and machines multiply the output per labor-hour and structure the nature of work. Division of labor is the operational “law” that creates routine tasks and the notion of the semiskilled worker. Work is accomplished in the artificial environment of the factory, and people tend the machines. Life becomes a game that is played against a fabricated nature—a world of cities, factories, and tenements. The rhythm of life is machine-paced and dominated by rigid working hours and time clocks. Roma 17 gennaio 2014 25 Postindustrial society for Daniel Bell (information and knowledge).
postindustrial society is concerned with the quality of life, as measured by services. such as health, education, and recreation (also tourism). The central figure is the professional person, because rather than energy or physical strength, information and knowledge are the key resources. Life now is a game played among persons. Social life becomes more difficult because political claims and social rights multiply.
Roma 17 gennaio 2014 26. 15 Roma 17 gennaio 2014 29 Postfordism – Tourists in Bilbao 2002 Starting with Genoa. At the start of the 1990s (the first was Genoa with the Colombiadi in 1992), Italian cities realised, long after the event, that it was no longer the case to live in the past. Turin tried to get back on track with a huge event (the 2006 Winter Olympics, cf.
Guala, 2007), Milan, a little later, put itself forward for a major event and was nominated to host Expo’ 2015 and many other cities tried to apply city marketing strategies. The city on the threshold of the new millennium became post-modern (Amendola, 2003) and there was an increasing emphasis on aesthetics linked to the name of some leading celebrity architect. With the help of famous architects cities ‘regenerated’ with the objective of attracting numerous economic players interested in investing in the various growth sectors. The urban repositioning occurred above all through a rethink of the city’s global space and through the identification of new architectural ‘symbols’, Roma 17 gennaio 2014 30.
16 The driver of industrial development. The image of the triangle as the driver of Italian industrial development is an old one and is linked to the idea that the ‘hard core’ of industrial development is to be connected to the ‘working class’ which was well represented and strong, above all in large scale manufacturing: according to census data for 1931, every hundred people in work included 47 factory workers in Genoa, 46 in Turin and 43 in Milan respectively (Arvati, 2005). Roma 17 gennaio 2014 31 TRE ITALIE (Three Italies) The image of the triangle as the driver of Italian industrial development is an old one and is linked to the idea that the ‘hard core’ of industrial development is to be connected to the ‘working class’ which was well represented and strong, above all in large scale manufacturing: according to census data for 1931, every hundred people in work included 47 factory workers in Genoa, 46 in Turin and 43 in Milan respectively (Arvati, 2005). However, the real celebration of the “industrial triangle”, in the sense of the command centre of post-war Italian industrial development, came with the economic boom during the first part of the “glorious thirty years”. The work by Arnaldo Bagnasco on the “Three Italys” ( Tre Italie, Bagnasco 1977), which was published in 1977, focuses on the identification of the “Third Italy” as the centre and north-east based on widespread industrialisation which is radically different from the north-west based on the dominance of big business.
Roma 17 gennaio 2014 32. 17 Deindustrialization or not?
Bagnasco writes, in the foreword to a revised edition in 1984: “As for the north-west, it seems that big business got going again during the 1970s; and that it is rapidly modernising, if we refer to the glaring case of Fiat. Probably it is not the case to talk of de-industrialisation, except for certain areas; certainly of industrial restructuring” (Bagnasco 1984, page X). Bagnasco’s work, although focussed on the “Third Italy”, is also a celebration of the centrality of the “First” Italy. In the fifth chapter of Tre Italie Bagnasco (1977) provides an exhaustive description of the features of the central economy which characterise the three regions of the north-west and the three cities of the industrial triangle: bigger company size, higher intensity of capital assets, greater use of technologies, and the strategic character of production in relation to the other sectors”. Moreover, in the 70s the three cities were very different from one another. Bagnasco, 1977, p.214.
Roma 17 gennaio 2014 33 GE - MI-TO (GROAN? Or MYTH?) Bagnasco writes: “Turin is the one-company town in the sector driving post-war development, and this sharply conditions a framework which has more or less been directly caused by it. Milan is already a more differentiated and complex situation, which finds its central role also and above all at the more abstract level of power and financial intermediation. Genoa is a trading capital and major State industry, which is seeing its production structure seriously eroded over time, and which is losing its financial and executive functions Roma 17 gennaio 2014 34. 18 GENOA. Genoa, a port (where Fincantieri is based) and industrial centre (formerly the headquarters of the petrochemical/steel company Ansaldo, now part of Finmeccanica), has seen the gradual deindustrialisation of the metropolitan area, with the loss of numerous jobs. As Marco Bisagno has recalled in describing the deserted port: “One morning, it was in 1982, we noticed that there was not even one ship in the port.
It was the first time that something like that had happened, it was the sign of the worst crisis” (cit. In Mascini 2005, p.55). Roma 17 gennaio 2014 35 GENOA 2.
In the 1990s the port became competitive again by equipping itself, somewhat late, as had the other Mediterranean ports, with equipment for the loading and unloading of containers: in 1980 goods handled (loading and unloading) using containers represented just 5% (around two and a half million TEU) of total handling, while as from the end of the 90s (1997) they were over 20% of total handling. The TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit) is the unit of measurement for goods handling on a container. In the specific case we may imagine the handling of sixteen million trucks each with a twenty-foot container (12.2 meters). Roma 17 gennaio 2014 36.
19 GENOA 3. For Genoa, as noted, the Colombiadi and the celebrations for the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America (1992) were the first events outside of an industrial and port-based perspective. These events enabled the redevelopment of the whole old port area and much of the historic centre.
From the point of view of infrastructure, they were also the opportunity to expand the underground, which had been opened for the 1990 World Cup. More recently other areas in the historic centre have been redeveloped. Among the main events were the 2001 G8 and “Genoa European capital of culture” (2004), which profoundly changed the face of Genoa and its historic centre, thus making it a better place to live and potentially attractive for tourists.
Roma 17 gennaio 2014 37 Roma 17 gennaio 2014 38 Fordism - Harbor of Genoa and Camalli (longshoremen, dockers). 21 TURIN 1. In 20th century culture, Turin, more than the other two cities in the industrial triangle (Genoa and Milan), was always identified as the working class city par excellence, with a social reality closely linked to its characterisation as a manufacturing city focussed entirely on the manufacture of cars.
This image, which largely held true until the end of the 1960s, was certainly reinforced and 'celebrated' by the cultural tradition of the workers’ movement. The change in Turin as from the 1990s became emblematic since the city, more than Genoa and Milan, responded to the model of the Fordist company town, strongly focussed on the car industry. Roma 17 gennaio 2014 41 TURIN 2. The changes that can be seen in the capital of Piedmont, upon closer examination, were nothing exceptional and are part of the same furrow ploughed by other Italian and European industrial centres. The initial ‘symptoms’ of deindustrialisation started as far back as 1971 and led to the halving of the industrial sector. For a long time the phenomenon was linked more to the outsourcing of manufacturing companies than to the emergence of new production areas, but as from the 1990s the creation of jobs in the services sector decoupled, at least in part, from industrial demand.
The services sector also includes tourism. Roma 17 gennaio 2014 42.
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22 TURIN 3. The urban repositioning of the city and the surrounding area regarded numerous aspects: urban decor, transport services, restoration of monuments, putting online tourism and cultural resources, and media visibility. Turin, as from its Olympic candidacy in 1998, has invested in the realisation of special national and international events (Turin XX Olympic Winter Games 2006, Turin World Book Capital, the Fencing and Chess World Championships 2006, the University Games 2007, the World Design Capital 2008 and Italia 150 in 2011) and permanent cultural industries (the Book Festival, the Film Festival, Slow Food’s Salone del Gusto food fair, and the MITO Festival). Roma 17 gennaio 2014 43 Roma 17 gennaio 2014 44 Fordismo – Ferriere Fiat.